Prayers to the wind

How do Human Rights apply to Africa?

South Africa Corruption ANC Governance Organised Crime SAPS Violence Human Rights Fraud NPA Abuse of Power Transparency

Thursday, August 25, 2011

South Africa: Truth and Reconciliation


Posted by Barry Giesken at 9:42 AM
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Labels: Class Struggle, Emeritus Desmond Tutu, Poverty, Social Justice, South Africa

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Justice

Justice is the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, fairness, or equity.

Justice concerns itself with the proper ordering of things and persons within a society. As a concept it has been subject to philosophical, legal, and theological reflection and debate throughout our history.

A number of important questions surrounding justice have been fiercely debated over the course of western history: What is justice?

What does it demand of individuals and societies? What is the proper distribution of wealth and resources in society: equal, meritocratic, according to status, or some other arrangement?

There are myriad possible answers to these questions from divergent perspectives on the political and philosophical spectrum.

Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, where punishment is forward-looking. Justified by the ability to achieve future social benefits resulting in crime reduction, the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome.

Retributive justice regulates proportionate response to crime proven by lawful evidence, so that punishment is justly imposed and considered as morally-correct and fully deserved.

The law of retaliation (lex talionis) is a military theory of retributive justice, which says that reciprocity should be equal to the wrong suffered; "life for life, wound for wound, stripe for stripe."

Restorative justice is concerned not so much with retribution and punishment as with (a) making the victim whole and (b) reintegrating the offender into society. This approach frequently brings an offender and a victim together, so that the offender can better understand the effect his/her offense had on the victim.

Distributive justice is directed at the proper allocation of things — wealth, power, reward, respect — between different people.

Oppressive Law exercises an authoritarian approach to legislation which is "totally unrelated to justice", a tyrannical interpretation of law is one in which the population lives under restriction from unlawful legislation.


Philosophy of law

The philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence.

Normative jurisprudence is essentially political philosophy, and asks "what should law be?", while analytic jurisprudence asks "what is law?".

John Austin's utilitarian answer was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience".

Natural lawyers on the other side, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature.

The concept of natural law emerged in ancient Greek philosophy concurrently and in entanglement with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of Western culture through the writings of Thomas Aquinas and the commentaries of Islamic philosopher and jurist Averroes.

The Nelson Mandela Organisation

Promoting Social Justice

The Nelson Mandela Foundation was established after Mr Nelson Mandela’s retirement on August 19, 1999.

It leads the development of a living legacy that captures the vision and values of Mr Mandela’s life and work.

The foundation hosts a Memory Programme that includes archival material such as:

Padraig O'Malley's "The Heart of Hope - South Africa's Transition from Apartheid to Democracy"

Law

Law is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions.

It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a primary social mediator of relations between people.

Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets.

Property law defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of personal (often referred to as chattel) and real property.

Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security, while tort law allows claims for compensation if a person's rights or property are harmed.

If the harm is criminalised in a statute, criminal law offers means by which the state can prosecute the perpetrator.

Constitutional law provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives.

Administrative law is used to review the decisions of government agencies.

International law governs affairs between sovereign nation states in activities ranging from trade to environmental regulation or military action.

Writing in 350 BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, "The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual."

Free Access to Law Movement

The Free Access to Law Movement is the umbrella name for the collective of legal projects across several common law countries to provide free online access to legal information such as case law and legislation. The movement began in 1992 with the creation of the Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute by Tom Bruce and Peter Martin.

The name Legal Information Institute has been widely adopted by other projects. It is usually prefixed by a country or region identifier.

  • Australasian Legal Information Institute
  • British and Irish Legal Information Institute
  • LexUM
  • Canadian Legal Information Institute
  • Hong Kong Legal Information Institute
  • Legal Information Institute (Cornell)
  • Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute
  • University of the West Indies Faculty of Law Library
  • Wits University School of Law
  • Australasian Legal Information Institute
  • Hong Kong Legal Information Institute
  • Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute
  • South African Legal Information Institute

White-Collar Crime

Fraud—the art of deliberate deception for unlawful gain—is as old as history.

The term "white-collar crime" was reportedly coined in 1939 by Professor Edwin Sutherland and has since become synonymous with the full range of frauds committed by business and government professionals.

Today's con artists are more savvy and sophisticated than ever, engineering everything from slick online scams to complex stock and health care frauds.

Learn about the many white-collar crimes on the FBI website:

Financial Crimes:-

Corporate Fraud
Health Care Fraud
Mortgage Fraud
Securities and Commodities Fraud
Insurnance Fraud
Mass Marketing Fraud
Money Laundering
Bankruptcy Fraud
Hedge Fund Fraud
Public Corruption and Government Fraud
Internet Fraud
E-Scams
Hurricane Katrina Fraud
Common Fraud Schemes

Extortion

Extortion, outwresting, or exaction is a criminal offense which occurs when a person unlawfully obtains either money, property or services from a person, entity, or institution, through coercion.

Refraining from doing harm is sometimes euphemistically called protection.

Extortion is commonly practiced by organized crime groups.

The actual obtainment of money or property is not required to commit the offense. Making a threat of violence or a lawsuit which refers to a requirement of a payment of money or property to halt future violence or lawsuit is sufficient to commit the offense.

Exaction refers not only to extortion or the unlawful demanding and obtaining of something through force, but additionally, in its formal definition, means the infliction of something such as pain and suffering or making somebody endure something unpleasant.

Coercion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction) by use of threats, intimidation, trickery, or some other form of pressure or force. These are used as leverage, to force the victim to act in the desired way.

Conflict of Interest

A conflict of interest occurs when an individual or organization is involved in multiple interests, one of which could possibly corrupt the motivation for an act in the other.

A conflict of interest can only exist if a person or testimony is entrusted with some impartiality; a modicum of trust is necessary to create it. The presence of a conflict of interest is independent from the execution of impropriety. Therefore, a conflict of interest can be discovered and voluntarily defused before any corruption occurs.

The occupations where a conflict of interest is most likely to be encountered or discovered include: policeman, lawyer, insurance adjuster, politician, engineer, executive, director of a corporation, medical research scientist, physician, writer, or editor. In short—any entrusted individual or organization.

In the legal profession, the duty of loyalty owed to a client prohibits an attorney (or a law firm) from representing any other party with interests adverse to those of a current client. The few exceptions to this rule require informed written consent from all affected clients. In some circumstances, a conflict of interest can never be waived by a client.

A prohibited or undisclosed representation involving a conflict of interest can subject an attorney to disciplinary hearings, the denial or disgorgement of legal fees, or in some cases (such as the failure to make mandatory disclosure), criminal proceedings.

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Documents

  • AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS
  • ANC Youth League Manifesto - 1944
  • Anton Muziwakhe Lembede
  • Code of Conduct for Law enforcement Officials
  • Constitution of South Africa
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
  • Convention on the Rights of the Child
  • Convention on the Rights of the Child
  • Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
  • Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live
  • Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
  • Forced Labour Convention
  • Freedom Charter (South Africa)
  • Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime
  • Implementation of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power
  • International Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
  • International Convention of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
  • International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
  • International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
  • Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
  • Procedures for the effective implementation of the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary
  • Rome Statute (pdf)
  • Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty
  • Slavery Convention
  • United Nations Charter
  • United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juviniles Deprived of their Liberty
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